Link rot is the process by which hyperlinks pointing to a webpage become outdated over time with the deletion, moving or renaming of the page, without proper redirects. When a user clicks such a link, it points to an error page showing “404 not found” as the page they expect is nonexistent.
30March 2026
In institutional repositories like DSpace, which identifier is primarily used?
A DOI
B Handle
C URL
D URI
✓Answer: (B) Handle
DSpace repositories use the Handle System to ensure persistent access to digital objects.
29March 2026
Which organization manages the Handle System?
A International DOI Foundation
B World Wide Web Consortium
C UNESCO
D Corporation for National Research Initiatives
✓Answer: (D) Corporation for National Research Initiatives
The Handle System is developed and managed by CNRI (Corporation for National Research Initiatives).
28March 2026
Assertion (A): DOI always resolves to the current URL.
Reason (R): DOI stores the actual location of the resource permanently.
A Both A and R are true
B A is true, R is false
C A is false, R is true
D Both A and R are false
✓Answer: (B) A is true, R is false
DOI does resolve to current URL, but it does not store the location permanently—it stores a link that can be updated.
27March 2026
Which statement is TRUE regarding URL?
A URL ensures long-term preservation of digital objects
B URL is a persistent identifier
C URL specifies the location of a resource
D URL is a subset of DOI
✓Answer: (C) URL specifies the location of a resource
A URL is a locator, meaning it tells where a resource is. It is not persistent and can break if the resource moves.
26March 2026
Which of the following correctly describes a DOI?
A A web address that directly stores the location of a resource
B A general identifier that includes URL and URN
C A persistent identifier built on the Handle System
D A temporary link assigned by web servers
✓Answer: (C) A persistent identifier built on the Handle System
DOI is a persistent identifier built on the Handle System, designed for scholarly communication. It does not store location directly but resolves to it.
25March 2026
GIGA primarily contributes to which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)?
A SDG 4
B SDG 8
C SDG 13
D SDG 1
✓Answer: (A) SDG 4
SDG 4 – Quality Education, By enabling digital access to education, GIGA directly supports SDG 4, though it indirectly contributes to others.
24March 2026
The primary goal of the GIGA Initiative is to:
A UNICEF and ITU
B UNESCO and World Bank
C IFLA and UNESCO
D UNDP and WHO
✓Answer: (A) UNICEF and ITU
GIGA is a flagship collaboration between UNICEF and the International Telecommunication Union, combining expertise in education and ICT infrastructure.
23March 2026
Which identifier system is used in DSpace to provide persistent access?
AURI
BDOI
CISBN
DHandle System
✓Answer: (D) Handle System
DSpace uses the Handle System to assign unique, persistent identifiers. This ensures long-term access to digital objects.
22March 2026
The correct hierarchical structure of DSpace is:
ACollection → Community → Item
BCommunity → Collection → Item
CItem → Collection → Community
DBitstream → Item → Collection
✓Answer: (B) Community → Collection → Item
Community → Sub-community → Collection → Item → Bitstream, This structure is defined in the official DSpace system architecture.
21March 2026
Which is a major challenge in federated search systems?
ALack of indexing
BQuery processing speed
CResult merging and ranking
DData storage
✓Answer: (C) Result merging and ranking
Different databases return results in different formats → merging and ranking becomes complex. Discussed in federated search literature such as Federated Search.
20March 2026
Which of the following is a key limitation of the Boolean retrieval model?
AIt provides ranked results
BIt uses probabilistic scoring
CIt depends on entropy
DIt lacks partial matching and rankingdancy always
✓Answer: (D) It lacks partial matching and ranking
The Boolean Retrieval Model works on exact matching using operators like AND, OR, NOT—a document either satisfies the query or it does not. It does not rank results, so all retrieved documents are treated equally, even if some are more relevant.
19March 2026
Which layer of networking is most directly concerned with error detection and correction?
AApplication layer
BNetwork layer
CData link layer
DBinary increases redundancy always
✓Answer: (C) Data link layer
The Data Link Layer handles error detection (CRC, parity). This aligns with Shannon’s idea of reliable transmission over noisy channels.
18March 2026
Which statement is correct about binary representation and information theory?
ABinary reduces information content
BBinary representation is unrelated to entropy
CBinary encoding enables measurement of information in bits
DBinary increases redundancy always
✓Answer: (C) Binary encoding enables measurement of information in bits
Binary encoding allows measurement in bits, the standard unit defined by Shannon.
17March 2026
Which concept in information theory helps in efficient data compression?
ARedundancy
BEntropy
CNoise
DChannel capacity
✓Answer: (D) Redundancy
In information theory by Claude Shannon, redundancy means extra or repeated information in a message. During compression, this redundant (unnecessary) part is removed, making the data smaller and more efficient to store or transmit.
16March 2026
Which of the following is NOT a component of Shannon's communication model?
ASource
BEncoder
CReceiver
DInterpreter
✓Answer: (D) Interpreter
The communication model developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver includes five main components: Information Source, Transmitter (Encoder), Channel, Receiver (Decoder), and Destination, along with Noise affecting the channel.
15March 2026
Which statement about entropy and information is correct?
AHigher entropy means greater uncertainty
BHigher entropy means less information
CLower entropy means greater uncertainty
DEntropy does not relate to uncertainty
✓Answer: (A) Higher entropy means greater uncertainty
Entropy measures the uncertainty or randomness of a message in information theory developed by Claude Shannon. When entropy is higher, the outcome is less predictable, so the message contains more uncertainty and potential information.
14March 2026
In information theory, the unit of information when logarithm base 2 is used is:
AByte
BNat
CBit
DDigit
✓Answer: (C) Bit
Claude Shannon defined the bit (binary digit) as the fundamental unit of information using a base-2 logarithm.
13March 2026
Who is considered the founder of Information Theory?
ANorbert Wiener
BClaude Shannon
CWarren Weaver
DVannevar Bush
✓Answer: (B) Claude Shannon
Shannon’s 1948 paper “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” established Information Theory.
12March 2026
Which identifier is specifically designed to uniquely identify researchers and distinguish authors with similar names?
AISSN
BISBN
CORCID
DDOI
✓Answer: (C) ORCID
ORCID provides a persistent digital identifier for researchers.
11March 2026
Which platform provides the PlumX Metrics system?
AGoogle
BCrossref
CJSTOR
DElsevier
✓Answer: (D) Elsevier
PlumX Metrics is provided by Elsevier to measure multiple forms of research impact.
10March 2026
The Altmetric Attention Score is represented visually by which of the following?
AImpact graph
BCitation bar
CColored donut badge
DStar rating
✓Answer: (C) Colored donut badge
Altmetric uses a multicolored donut badge to visualize the Attention Score.
09March 2026
Which open-source digital preservation software follows the OAIS reference model for long-term preservation?
AArchivematica
BPreservica
CCLOCKKS
DIslandora
✓Answer: (A) Archivematica
Archivematica is an OAIS-compliant digital preservation system.
08March 2026
The digital library Gallica is maintained by which national institution?
ABritish Library
BLibrary of Congress
CBibliothèque nationale de France
DNational Library of Spain
✓Answer: (C) Bibliothèque nationale de France
Gallica is the digital library of the French National Library.
07March 2026
Which digital library project of the National Library of Australia provides large-scale access to digitized newspapers and historical resources?
AEuropeana
BGallica
CHathiTrust
DTrove
✓Answer: (D) Trove
Trove provides digitized Australian newspapers and historical resources.
06March 2026
The National Mission on Manuscripts (India) mainly focuses on:
APreservation of government records
BDigitization and documentation of ancient manuscripts
CPreservation of electronic journals
DArchiving websites
✓Answer: (B) Digitization and documentation of ancient manuscripts
The mission identifies and digitizes manuscripts across India.
05March 2026
Which of the following is used primarily for biomedical literature indexing rather than citation ranking?
APubMed
BWeb of Science
CScopus
DDimensions
✓Answer: (A) PubMed
PubMed focuses on biomedical indexing rather than citation ranking.
04March 2026
The Impact Factor is calculated based on citations received in:
AOne year
BTwo preceding years
CFive years
DTen years
✓Answer: (B) Two preceding years
03March 2026
Which database provides the h5-index for journal ranking?
AJournal Citation Reports
BSCImago
CGoogle Scholar Metrics
DEssential Science Indicators
✓Answer: (C) Google Scholar Metrics
02March 2026
Which OA model is most similar to S2O in avoiding APC charges?
AHybrid OA
BDiamond OA
CGold OA
DGreen OA
✓Answer: (B) Diamond OA
01March 2026
The primary objective of PREMIS is to:
AEnhance subject access
BEncode bibliographic description
CImprove user interface design
DSupport long-term preservation and authenticity of digital objects
✓Answer: (D) Support long-term preservation and authenticity of digital objects
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