We are often confused with these terms Handle System, DOI, URL, URI, Persistent Identifier. Lets break this confusion and get into the deep knowledge of these concepts. As a library science professionals, it becomes more important to differentiate between them as we always deal with the digital resources.
Keywords: Handle System, DOI, URL, URI, Persistent Identifier, Link Rot, DSpace, Digital Libraries, Metadata
🔍 1. Basic Idea
- Handle: Persistent identifier for digital objects
- DOI: Standardized persistent identifier (built on Handle)
- URL: Location of resource
- URI: General identifier
🧩 2. Detailed Comparison
| Feature | Handle System | DOI | URL | URI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nature | Persistent Identifier | Standardized Persistent Identifier | Locator (Address) | General Identifier Concept |
| Purpose | Ensures long-term access | Scholarly publishing & citation | Web location of resource | Identifies any resource |
| Stability | Stable | Highly Stable | Unstable | Depends |
| Managed by | CNRI | International DOI Foundation | Web servers | IETF standards |
| Use in LIS | Institutional repositories (DSpace) | Journals, articles, datasets | Web pages | Metadata & semantic web |
| Example | hdl.handle.net/1234/567 | doi.org/10.1000/xyz123 | https://example.com/file.pdf | URI = URL / URN |
📌 3. Key Differences
Handle vs DOI: DOI is built on Handle and standardized for publishing.
Handle vs URL: Handle is permanent; URL may break.
DOI vs URL: DOI redirects to updated location.
URI vs URL: URL is a type of URI.
🔁 DOI Resolves to Current URL
DOI acts as a permanent pointer that redirects to the updated location.
Old URL: publisherA.com/article
New URL: publisherB.com/article
DOI: remains same → redirects correctly ✅
🧠 Analogy
- URL → Address
- Handle → Aadhaar
- DOI → Passport
- URI → Any identifier
⚠️ Notes
- DOI = Handle application
- URL is not persistent
- URI includes URL + URN
- Handle used in repositories
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