Which statement about retraction notices is TRUE (ICMJE/COPE guidance)?
A Notices should be vague to avoid naming individuals
B Notices should delete the original PDF to prevent access.
C Notices should be posted only on the publisher intranet
D Notices should be clearly labelled, explain reasons, and remain linked to the original article
✓Answer:(D) Notices should be clearly labelled, explain reasons, and remain linked to the original article
Best practice is transparency: retraction notices should be clearly labelled, explain why the article is retracted, and be linked to the original article. Deleting or hiding the original record is discouraged. Notices should be public, not internal.
29Nov 2025
Which of the following best describes the purpose of a retraction?
A To permanently remove an article from all archives and databases
B To correct the literature by alerting readers that an article’s findings are unreliable
C To punish authors who make honest mistakes
D To replace the original paper with a new version without record
✓Answer:(B) To correct the literature by alerting readers that an article’s findings are unreliable
A retraction’s purpose is to correct the scholarly record and alert readers that the article is unreliable. Retractions do not normally delete records (A and D are wrong); nor are they intended as punishment for honest mistakes (C). COPE and ICMJE recommend leaving the original article accessible but labelled as retracted. https://publicationethics.org/guidance/guideline/retraction-guidelines
28Nov 2025
“Salami slicing” in publication ethics refers to:
A Dividing one significant study into multiple small papers
B Publishing old research in a new journal
C Manipulating citations to increase h-index
D Adding authors without contribution
✓Answer:(A) Dividing one significant study into multiple small papers
Salami slicing is unethical because it reduces the value and context of the original research. https://assets.ctfassets.net/o78em1y1w4i4/2Oq5IT0XaVvhkFXdNVUXEu/32cf4eb806a2841f0b70caf0ca57671a/Ethics-in-Research-and-Publication.pdf
27Nov 2025
Which of the following is an example of falsification?
A Copying text without citation
B Manipulating images or graphs to fit hypothesis
C Creating data that never existed
D Publishing same article twice
✓Answer:(B) Manipulating images or graphs to fit hypothesis
Which organization provides widely accepted guidelines for publication ethics?
A CPCSEA
B ICMR
C UNESCO
D COPE
✓Answer:(D) COPE
COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) issues global guidelines on ethical publishing.
25Nov 2025
In Linked Data for libraries, “dereferenceable URIs” implies:
A URIs that can be stored persistently in a MARC record
B URIs that resolve to helpful, structured information when accessed
C URIs that redirect only to human-readable HTML pages
D URIs that identify only physical library resources, not digital ones
✓Answer:(A) URIs that resolve to helpful, structured information when accessed
A dereferenceable URI returns machine-readable structured data (e.g., RDF) when looked up, enabling semantic interoperability.
24Nov 2025
According to Bradford’s Law, which statement is most accurate conceptually?
A Most relevant articles on a subject are concentrated in a small core of journals
B Information scatter decreases as research fields grow older
C Each successive zone contains fewer articles but more journals
D Journal productivity decreases proportionally with citation half-life
✓Answer:(A) Most relevant articles on a subject are concentrated in a small core of journals
Bradford’s Law states that a small set of core journals produces most of the relevant literature, while outer zones require more journals to produce the same number of articles.
23Nov 2025
In FRBR, “Manifestation” is best defined as:
A The intellectual or artistic creation itself
B A single exemplar of a physical or digital item
C The physical or digital embodiment of an expression
D The conceptual relationship among bibliographic entities
✓Answer:(D) Library 3.0
In FRBR hierarchy (Work–Expression–Manifestation–Item), the manifestation is the physical/digital embodiment, such as a particular edition.
22Nov 2025
Which concept in libraries relies heavily on Semantic Web standards (such as RDF, OWL, and Linked Data)?
A Library 2.0
B Library 5.0
C Library 1.0
D Library 3.0
✓Answer:(D) Library 3.0
Library 3.0 corresponds directly to the Web 3.0 era, which is also known as the Semantic Web. This phase focuses on adding meaning, machine-readable structure, and intelligent processing to web content. To enable this, several Semantic Web technologies are used: RDF (Resource Description Framework), OWL (Web Ontology Language), Linked Data Principles, BIBFRAME replacing MARC.
21Nov 2025
Impact Factor (IF) is calculated using citations received during:
A Last 2 years
B Last 10 years
C Last 4 years
D Last 1 year
✓Answer:(C) Last 2 years
Impact Factor is based on citations received in the 2 previous years by articles published in the journal.
20Nov 2025
Which of the following is an article-level metric?
A h-index
B Impact Factor
C Citation count of a specific paper
D SJR
✓Answer:(C) Citation count of a specific paper
Citations of a single article are article-level metrics. Others belong to author or journal levels.
19Nov 2025
i10-index represents:
A Number of articles published in top 10 journals
B Number of journals with IF above 10
C Number of authors citing the article 10 times
D Number of papers with at least 10 citations
✓Answer:(B) Number of papers with at least 10 citations
The i10-index, used in Google Scholar, counts how many papers have 10 or more citations.
18Nov 2025
Which metric measures both productivity and citation impact of an individual researcher?
A Altmetric Score
B CiteScore
C h-index
D Impact Factor
✓Answer:(B) h-index
The h-index shows how many papers (h) have at least h citations. It reflects both quantity (productivity) and quality (citations).
17Nov 2025
Which tool is widely used for managing and screening studies during knowledge synthesis?
A Canva
B EndNote / Zotero
C Adobe Illustrator
D Grammarly
✓Answer:(B) EndNote / Zotero
Reference managers like Zotero or EndNote help organize citations and manage screening workflows.
16Nov 2025
Which of the following best describes a “systematic search strategy”?
A Using a documented, reproducible, multi-database search protocol
B Searching only Google and PubMed
C Using only keywords
D Relying on references found in a single article
✓Answer:(A) Using a documented, reproducible, multi-database search protocol
Systematic reviews require transparent, structured search strategies to ensure all relevant literature is captured.
15Nov 2025
What is Knowledge Synthesis?
A Collecting random articles on a topic
B Integrating evidence from multiple studies using a systematic and transparent process
C Writing a summary of a single research paper
D Generating new primary research data
✓Answer:(B) Integrating evidence from multiple studies using a systematic and transparent process
Knowledge synthesis means the systematic and structured process of collecting, evaluating, and integrating findings from multiple studies to generate a clear, comprehensive, and unbiased understanding of a specific question or topic. It moves beyond simple summarization by critically assessing the quality of studies and combining their evidence to support decision-making, research, and policy formulation.
14Nov 2025
PRISMA is associated with:
A Reporting guidelines for systematic reviews
B Quality standards for meta-ethnographic studies
C Data mining for digital libraries
D Formatting of e-books
✓Answer:(D) Reporting guidelines for systematic reviews
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) is an internationally accepted reporting standard that provides a structured framework for writing and presenting systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
It does not tell you how to conduct the review;
13Nov 2025
What is the main advantage of using the Z39.50 client–server protocol in library networks?
A It converts MARC records into XML format automatically
B It replaces the need for OPAC interfaces
C It limits access to databases within a single institution
D It allows interoperability among different library systems
✓Answer:(D) It allows interoperability among different library systems
Z39.50 follows the client–server model, where a client searches bibliographic databases hosted on remote servers.
12Nov 2025
The Z39.50 protocol primarily operates on which type of communication model?
A Client–server model
B Peer-to-peer model
C Distributed control model
D Distributed control model
✓Answer:(A) Client–server model
Z39.50 follows the client–server model, where a client searches bibliographic databases hosted on remote servers.
11Nov 2025
In ONIX, which of the following information is NOT typically included?
A ISBN
B Price and subject classification
C Title and author
D DRM encryption key
✓Answer:(D) DRM encryption key
ONIX carries bibliographic and commercial metadata, not encryption or DRM data
10Nov 2025
Which metadata standard is used by publishers and distributors to share book information globally?
A MARC21
B ONIX
C MODS
D OPF
✓Answer:(B) ONIX
ONIX (Online Information Exchange) is an XML-based standard developed by EDItEUR for exchanging metadata between publishers, retailers, and libraries.
09Nov 2025
What is the primary goal of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)?
A To improve website aesthetics
B To enhance search engine rankings
C To ensure web content is accessible to people with disabilities
D To increase website traffic
✓Answer:(C) To ensure web content is accessible to people with disabilities
WCAG aims to make digital content accessible to users with disabilities, ensuring inclusivity across visual, auditory, motor, and cognitive domains.
08Nov 2025
Which of the following eBook formats is open-source and reflowable, making it most suitable for multiple devices?
AEPUB
BPDF
CMOBI
DAZW
✓Answer:(A) EPUB
EPUB (Electronic Publication) is an open standard maintained by W3C, supports reflowable text and is compatible with most eReaders.
07Nov 2025
The Delhi High Court ordered the blocking of Sci-Hub and related platforms in India primarily on which ground?
ANational security
BViolation of copyright laws
CData protection and privacy breach
DCybersecurity concerns
✓Answer:(B) Violation of copyright laws
The court found Sci-Hub and LibGen guilty of copyright infringement, as they hosted and distributed publishers’ research papers without authorisation.
06Nov 2025
In September 2025, Penguin Random House India announced a strategic investment in which children’s-publishing house to deepen its reach in children’s book market in India?
ABPI (India) Pvt Ltd
BNu Voice Press
CMaple Press
DGrin Publishing
✓Answer:(C) Maple Press
Founded with a vision to make high-quality, affordable books accessible to young readers across India, Maple Press has built an impressive catalogue that blends engaging storytelling with educational value. With this investment, Penguin Random House India aims to support Maple Press in scaling its reach, accelerating innovation in formats and distribution, and deepening its impact on the reading journeys of millions of children.
05Nov 2025
The “Agent Builder” recently introduced by Clarivate is best described as:
AA workflow for exporting citations to EndNote
BA journal impact-factor calculation tool
CA digital-rights management interface for ProQuest
DA low/no-code platform for institutions to create AI agents using Clarivate data
✓Answer:(D) A low/no-code platform for institutions to create AI agents using Clarivate data
The Agent Builder (part of Clarivate’s Academic AI Platform) allows libraries or universities to design customized AI agents to automate literature review, research discovery, or analytics tasks.
04Nov 2025
The platform used for many Commonwealth of Learning (COL) and Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia (CEMCA) MOOCs developed in India is known as:
ANPTEL
BCoursera
CedX
DmooKIT
✓Answer:(D) mooKIT
mooKIT is an open-source MOOC platform developed by IIT Kanpur, used by COL and CEMCA to host courses such as “MOOC on MOOC” and “Mobiles for Development.” mooKIT stands out for being lightweight, India-developed, and accessible even with low internet bandwidth, aligning with COL’s mission for inclusive learning.
03Nov 2025
Which Indian institute collaborated with Commonwealth of Learning (COL) to launch the famous “MOOC on MOOC”?
AIIT Kanpur
BIIT Bombay
CIndira Gandhi National Open University
DDelhi University
✓Answer:(A) IIT Kanpur
IIT Kanpur partnered with COL to design and deliver the “MOOC on MOOC”, a meta-MOOC that explained how to design and run MOOCs effectively. It was one of the earliest international collaborations in online education, launched in 2014, hosted on the mooKIT platform developed by IIT Kanpur.
02Nov 2025
CERT-In derives its legal authority from which section of the Information Technology (IT) Act?
ASection 69
BSection 70A
CSection 70B
DSection 79
✓Answer:(B) Section 70B
Section 70B of the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 (which amended the IT Act 2000) formally established CERT-In as the national agency for cybersecurity incident response in India.
01Nov 2025
What is the main objective of the Cyber Swachhta Kendra initiative launched by CERT-In?
ATo promote e-learning content
BTo provide free antivirus and botnet cleaning tools
CTo regulate social media platforms
DTo issue digital certificates to government employees
✓Answer:(B) To provide free antivirus and botnet cleaning tools
Cyber Swachhta Kendra / Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre (BCMAC) works in collaboration with Industry and Internet Service Providers to trace Internet Protocol addresses infected by Bots and send message to end users regarding the same. Further, tools are being developed by partnering with Antivirus companies to enable individuals to clean their systems.
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