A part of the web indexed by search engines, coined by John Doe A section of the internet not indexed by standard search engines, coined by Michael K. Bergman A platform for sharing files, coined by Scott Nicholson A type of web browser, coined by Jane Smith Johnson
Answer: (B) A section of the internet not indexed by standard search engines, coined by Michael K. Bergman
Description:
The deep web refers to parts of the internet not indexed by standard search engines, making it distinct from the accessible surface web. Coined by Michael K. Bergman in 2001, the term highlights the vast content hidden from typical searches, including web mail and online banking. Understanding the deep web is crucial for distinguishing it from the dark web, which involves illegal activities.
30Oct 2024
What is bibliomining, and who coined the term?
A method for cataloging books, coined by John Doe A technique for analyzing library services, coined by Scott Nicholson A system for tracking overdue books, coined by Jane Smith A design approach for library layouts, coined by Alex Johnson
Answer: (B) A technique for analyzing library services, coined by Scott Nicholson
Description:
Bibliomining is a method that integrates data mining, data warehousing, and bibliometrics to analyze library services. Coined by Scott Nicholson in 2003, this technique helps libraries understand usage patterns and optimize resources. It focuses on improving service delivery rather than cataloging or tracking overdue books, highlighting its unique role in library management.
29Oct 2024
Who invented the QR code, in what year was it invented, and what type of error correction is used in QR codes?
QR codes, or Quick Response codes, were invented by Denso Wave in 1994 for tracking automotive parts. They utilize Reed–Solomon error correction to ensure data integrity. Today, QR codes are widely used for various applications, including mobile payments, advertising, and information sharing, enhancing convenience and efficiency.
28Oct 2024
Which institution is leading the BharatGen initiative, and what makes BharatGen unique compared to other AI projects?
IIT Kanpur; It focuses solely on English IIT Bombay; It is government-funded and India-centric IIIT Hyderabad; It uses exclusively global datasets IIM Indore; It aims for commercial use only
Answer: (B) IIT Bombay; It is government-funded and India-centric
Description:
BharatGen, a pioneering generative AI initiative in India. Led by IIT Bombay, BharatGen stands out for being government-funded and specifically tailored to India's diverse linguistic and cultural landscape, contrasting with other AI projects that may prioritize global data or commercial goals. https://bharatgen.tech/
27Oct 2024
What is the "3 Vs" model commonly used to define big data?
The "3 Vs" model describes the key characteristics of big data. Volume refers to the massive amounts of data generated every second. Variety highlights the different types of data (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured). Velocity emphasizes the speed at which data is generated and needs to be processed.
26Oct 2024
What is the primary distinction between augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR)?
AR uses a computer-generated environment, while VR uses a real-world environment. AR is used primarily for gaming, while VR is used for training and simulation. AR overlays digital content onto the real world, while VR creates a completely immersive digital environment. AR requires a head-mounted display, while VR can be experienced without one.
Answer: (C) AR overlays digital content onto the real world, while VR creates a completely immersive digital environment.
Description:
AR enhances our real-world experience by adding digital elements to it, such as graphics or information displayed through a smartphone or smart glasses. In contrast, VR immerses users in a fully digital world, requiring special equipment like headsets to block out the physical environment. This distinction highlights how each technology engages users in different ways.
25Oct 2024
Which of the following is an example of Gold OA?
arXiv.org Subscription journals eCommons@Cornell PLOS (Public Library of Science)
Answer: (D) PLOS (Public Library of Science)
Description:
A Gold OA refers to works published in open access journals like PLOS, which are accessed through the journal's website without subscription fees
24Oct 2024
What is a "patent thicket"?
A dense area of patents that complicates innovation and competition A government initiative to streamline the patent application process A legal term for patents that have expired A type of garden designed for inventors to showcase their ideas
Answer: (A) A dense area of patents that complicates innovation and competition
Description:
A "patent thicket" refers to a situation in which a complex web of overlapping patents exists in a particular technology area. This can create challenges for companies and inventors who wish to develop new products, as navigating through numerous patents can lead to legal disputes and increased costs. Patent thickets can stifle innovation by making it difficult for new entrants to enter the market or for existing companies to collaborate effectively
23Oct 2024
Which historical document is considered the origin of modern copyright law?
The Venetian Patent Statutea The Statute of Monopolies The British Statute of Anne The Bayh-Dole Act
Answer: (C) The British Statute of Anne
Description:
The British Statute of Anne Enacted in 1710, the Statute of Anne established the concept of copyright, granting authors exclusive rights to their works for a specific period.
22Oct 2024
In what way do data analysis and data science differ?
Data science only deals with unstructured data Data analysis focuses on smaller, structured datasets Data science is less technical than data analysis Data analysis is more interdisciplinary than data science
Answer: (B) Data analysis focuses on smaller, structured datasets
Description:
Data analysis typically involves working with smaller, structured datasets, while data science often deals with larger, more complex datasets.
21Oct 2024
What is the goal of the Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC)?
To create a new impact factor metric that is more aligned with open science principles. To develop altmetrics for all scientific publications, regardless of their access status To make citation data freely available for use and analysis by anyone To promote the use of qualitative research assessment methods over quantitative metrics
Answer: (C) To make citation data freely available for use and analysis by anyone
Description:
I4OC aims to create a comprehensive and open database of citation data, enabling greater transparency and accessibility in research evaluation and scholarly communication. https://i4oc.org
20Oct 2024
What is link rot, and what is one major cause of this phenomenon?
Link rot is the phenomenon where hyperlinks become inactive over time; one major cause is the restructuring of websites that changes URLs Link rot refers to the gradual increase in hyperlink activity; a major cause is improved website design Link rot is a method of preserving web content; a major cause is high server uptime Link rot occurs when hyperlinks enhance user experience; a major cause is dynamic web content
Answer: (A) Link rot is the phenomenon where hyperlinks become inactive over time; one major cause is the restructuring of websites that changes URLs
Description:
Link rot is the gradual ceasing of hyperlinks to point to their intended resources due to factors like content removal or changes in URL structures, which can confuse users and lead to broken links.
19Oct 2024
What is the "bazaar model" in open-source software development?
A centralized development approach with defined roles. A model treating users as co-developers. A model requiring paid contributors only A model that restricts public access to the code
Answer: (B) A model treating users as co-developers
Description:
The bazaar model, proposed by Eric S. Raymond, promotes treating users as co-developers, allowing them access to the source code. This decentralized approach encourages collaboration, frequent integration of code changes, and faster evolution of software through community involvement.
18Oct 2024
What is the primary characteristic of open-source software?
It is only available for commercial use Users cannot modify the source code Users have rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software It is developed solely by a single organization.
Answer: (C) Users have rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software.
Description:
Open-source software (OSS) is released under licenses that allow users to use, modify, study, and distribute the software and its source code freely. This collaborative model encourages public trust and diverse contributions, promoting innovation and flexibility in software development.
17Oct 2024
Which standard is commonly used for metadata in web resources?
ISO/IEC 11179 RDF EXIF Dublin Core
Answer: (C) Dublin Core
Description:
Dublin Core is a widely recognized standard for metadata that facilitates the description of web resources. It consists of a set of vocabulary terms used to provide essential information such as title, creator, subject, and format. This standard enhances the discoverability of resources online, enabling better organization and accessibility. By using Dublin Core, web developers and content creators can improve the visibility of their resources in search engines and databases, making it easier for users to find relevant information.
16Oct 2024
What is a data lake primarily used for?
Storing data exclusively in structured formats Only for transaction processing Reporting, visualization, advanced analytics, and machine learning Maintaining security of data
Answer: (C) Reporting, visualization, advanced analytics, and machine learning
Description:
A data lake serves as a repository for storing data in its raw format, and it is used for various tasks such as reporting, visualization, advanced analytics, and machine learning.
15Oct 2024
What is the difference between a defunct journal and a predatory journal?
A defunct journal has ceased publication, while a predatory journal still operates but lacks legitimacy Both are the same; they refer to journals that are not reputable A defunct journal is always low-quality, while a predatory journal is always high-quality A defunct journal is only online, while a predatory journal is only print
Answer: (A) A defunct journal has ceased publication, while a predatory journal still operates but lacks legitimacy
Description:
Defunct journals are no longer publishing, while predatory journals continue to solicit submissions but often engage in unethical practices, such as charging authors without providing legitimate peer review.
14Oct 2024
What are the ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 standards?
Certifications for software developers Frameworks for managing sensitive information Guidelines for data storage Standards for data transmission
Answer: (B)Frameworks for managing sensitive information
Description:
Frameworks for managing sensitive information provide structured approaches and best practices to protect, handle, and govern data that is confidential or critical to an organization. These frameworks typically encompass policies, procedures, and technical controls designed to ensure data security, privacy, and compliance with relevant regulations (such as GDPR or HIPAA).
13Oct 2024
The "Bermuda Principles" are related to which open data initiative?
World Data Center system Human Genome Project Structural Genomics Consortium OECD Principles and Guidelines
Answer: (B) Human Genome Project
Description:
The Bermuda Principles emphasize the rapid sharing of human genome data to promote collaboration and accelerate research.
12Oct 2024
Which of the following is NOT a key principle of open data?
Accessible Exploitable Proprietary Shareable
Answer: (C) Proprietary
Description:
Open data principles emphasize accessibility, shareability, and the ability to be used and reused. Proprietary data contradicts these principles as it is owned and restricted.
11Oct 2024
What recognition did Creative Commons' Legal Tools recently receive?
They were recognized as Digital Public Goods They were upgraded to a paid service They were discontinued They were merged with another organization
Answer: (A) They were recognized as Digital Public Goods
Description:
Creative Commons have recently announced that its Legal Tools have been reviewed and accepted into the Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA) DPG Registry. The DPGA is a multi-stakeholder initiative, endorsed by the United Nations Secretary-General, that is working to accelerate the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals in low- and middle-income countries. https://creativecommons.org/2024/10/08/cc-legal-tools-recognized-as-digital-public-goods/
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10Oct 2024
What is a botnet?
A secure network of computers A type of firewall An authentication method A group of computers infected by a virus working together to perform malicious tasks
Answer: (D) A group of computers infected by a virus working together to perform malicious tasks
Description:
A botnet is a network of compromised computers used to carry out cyberattacks, like sending spam or executing DDoS attacks
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09Oct 2024
What are the two key metrics used to evaluate the performance of an information retrieval system?
Accuracy and Efficiency Precision and Recall Speed and Relevance Completeness and Specificity
Answer: (B) Precision and Recall
Description:
Precision measures the accuracy of the retrieved information, while recall measures the completeness of the results. Both are crucial for evaluating information retrieval systems.
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08Oct 2024
What is the primary goal of Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)?
To restrict access to digital materials To lend legally acquired materials in a digital format under controlled conditions To eliminate interlibrary loans entirely To encourage physical borrowing only
Answer: (B) To lend legally acquired materials in a digital format under controlled conditions
Description:
CDL allows libraries to lend digital materials while maintaining the rights afforded by copyright law for interlibrary loans. https://librarytechnology.org/pr/30605/controlled-digital-lending-
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07Oct 2024
How many languages are represented in the Library of Congress collections?
100 languages 200 languages470 languages1,000 languages
Answer: (C) 470 languages
Description:
The Library of Congress features collections that encompass research materials in more than 470 languages, highlighting its global and inclusive scope.
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06Oct 2024
What does "et al." signify in an APA citation?
And othersWithout dateNo authorIn press
Answer: (A) And others
Description:
The term "et al." is used in citations when there are three or more authors, indicating that there are additional authors not named in the citation
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05Oct 2024
What does the "Subscribe to Open" (S2O) model aim to achieve?
Increase article processing charges (APCs)Convert subscription journals to open access without reliance on APCsEliminate all library subscriptionsRestrict access to academic research
Answer: (B) Convert subscription journals to open access without reliance on APCs
Description:
S2O is designed to provide free and immediate online access to research outputs without requiring article processing charges or relying solely on altruism.
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04Oct 2024
What format replaced .MOBI as the universal format for eBooks?
.PDF.AZW3.EPUB.PRC
Answer: (C) .EPUB
Description:
In August 2022, Amazon officially retired the MOBI format and replaced it with EPUB, which is now the universal format for eBook.
Today, MOBI files can still be opened using a compatible MOBI reader or by converting them to a more up to date format. https://www.adobe.com/uk/acrobat/resources/document-files/ebook-files/mobi.html
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03Oct 2024
What does the acronym "EBSCO" stand for?
Elton Business Services CompanyElton Bryson Stephens CompanyElectronic Business Solutions Company Educational Business Services Corporation
Answer: (B) Elton Bryson Stephens Company
Description:
The name "EBSCO" is derived from the initials of Elton Bryson Stephens Company, reflecting its founder's legacy and connection to the company’s origins.EBSCO Industries was founded in 1944.
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02Oct 2024
What was the primary goal of developing discovery systems in libraries?
To improve search capabilities for usersTo simplify access to multiple resourcesTo enhance physical cataloging methodsTo consolidate library databases into one
Answer: (B)To simplify access to multiple resources
Description:
Discovery systems were developed to address user frustrations with accessing diverse resources, providing a single search interface that allows exploration across different data sources, such as books, e-journals, and videos. For example, EBSCO Discovery Service, VuFind, and Aspen Discovery enable users to find both print and digital materials in one seamless search.
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01Oct 2024
Which license is commonly used in academic settings?
GNU GPLMIT LicensePublic Domain LicenseApache License
Answer: (B) MIT License
Description:
MIT License
The MIT License is favored in academia for its simplicity and permissiveness. It allows users to freely use, modify, and distribute software with minimal restrictions, making it easy for researchers and students to collaborate and build upon existing work.
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